MOVE is a Philadelphia-based black liberation group founded by John Africa in 1972. MOVE is a loose-knit, mostly black group, all of whose members adopted the surname Africa, advocated a 'back-to-nature' lifestyle and preached against technology. The group lived communally and frequently engaged in public demonstrations related to issues they deemed important. In 1981, MOVE relocated to a row house at 6221 Osage Avenue in the Cobbs Creek area of West Philadelphia. Neighbors had complained for years that MOVE members were broadcasting political messages by bullhorn at all hours and also about the health hazards created from piles of compost. On May 13, 1985, after the complaints as well as indictments of numerous [quantify] MOVE members for crimes including parole violation, contempt of court, illegal possession of firearms, and making terrorist threats, the PPD attempted to clear the building and arrest the indicted MOVE members. This led to an armed standoff with police,...